{"id":12791,"date":"2026-09-10T15:38:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T12:38:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/?post_type=news&#038;p=12791"},"modified":"2026-09-10T15:40:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T12:40:33","slug":"pre-abortion-counseling-in-belarus-criticised-for-psychological-pressure-on-women","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/en\/news\/pre-abortion-counseling-in-belarus-criticised-for-psychological-pressure-on-women\/","title":{"rendered":"Pre-Abortion Counseling in Belarus Criticised for Psychological Pressure on Women","raw":"Pre-Abortion Counseling in Belarus Criticised for Psychological Pressure on Women"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The way pre-abortion psychological counseling is conducted in Belarus has come under renewed scrutiny after the medical initiative White Coats reviewed the methodological manual \u201cFamily Pre-Abortion Counseling\u201d. The initiative argues that the manual goes beyond providing information and contains guidance on how psychologists can persuade women to reconsider their decision to have an abortion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The issue is particularly significant because Belarusian law recognises women\u2019s right to abortion, while the legal provisions concerning pre-abortion psychological counseling remain unclear. Article 27 of the Law on Healthcare states that a woman seeking an induced abortion has the right to identify family members who may receive pre-abortion psychological counseling. However, the law does not clearly state whether the woman herself can refuse such counseling.<\/p>\n<h2>The difference between information and pressure<\/h2>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Counseling before a medical procedure can play an important role when it provides accurate information about available options, the procedure, possible risks and alternatives, while supporting the person in making an informed decision.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">According to White Coats&#8217; analysis, however, the Belarusian manual goes further. It contains a table of possible arguments a woman may give for seeking an abortion and recommendations on how a psychologist should respond in order to change her position.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">For example, when a woman raises financial difficulties, the manual recommends shifting the discussion towards the value of the child&#8217;s life and the forms of state support available. When career concerns are raised, the material places emphasis on the value of motherhood compared with professional fulfilment. White Coats argues that such recommendations turn counseling from an informational process into a form of psychological influence.<\/p>\n<h2>An unclear legal framework<\/h2>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The issue is not new. According to REFORM.news, legal scholar Dzyana Berahautsova raised concerns in 2019 about differences in the way pre-abortion counseling was applied across Belarusian regions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">One example cited in the report concerns a perinatal centre in Barysau, where a doctor and a priest reportedly participated in conversations with women seeking abortions. This raises questions about the principle of a secular state and about a woman&#8217;s right to decide whether she wants to take part in such counseling.<\/p>\n<h2>Psychological pressure can affect reproductive autonomy<\/h2>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The decision to continue or terminate a pregnancy is personal and may be influenced by medical, economic, family and social circumstances. For this reason, access to accurate information and quality healthcare should be separated from pressure aimed at producing a particular decision.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The issue is also relevant in the context of recent discussions in Belarus about restricting access to abortion in private medical centres. In January 2026, authorities announced a proposal to prohibit abortions in private clinics, citing, among other reasons, differences in the reported effectiveness of pre-abortion counseling.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Against this background, the way counseling is defined and implemented becomes an important part of the wider debate about meaningful access to sexual and reproductive healthcare.<\/p>\n<h2>Counseling should support a decision, not replace it<\/h2>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Pre-abortion counseling can have an important role when it is voluntary, confidential, based on accurate medical information and responsive to the needs of the person seeking care. Its purpose should be to support an informed decision rather than determine what that decision should be.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The debate in Belarus highlights the importance of protecting individual autonomy in reproductive healthcare and ensuring that access to medical services does not become a process of pressure, fear or guilt.<\/p>\n<p><strong data-start=\"9611\" data-end=\"9631\">Original source:<\/strong> <span class=\"contents\" data-content-reference-start=\"9520\" data-content-reference-end=\"9679\"><span class=\"\" data-state=\"delayed-open\" aria-describedby=\"radix-_r_au_\" data-radix-popper-side=\"top\" data-radix-popper-align=\"start\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/reform.news\/en\/pre-abortion-counseling-in-belarus-may-amount-to-psychological-abuse-of-women-white-coats?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-describedby=\"radix-_r_au_\">REFORM.news, original article in English<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false,"raw":"<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The way pre-abortion psychological counseling is conducted in Belarus has come under renewed scrutiny after the medical initiative White Coats reviewed the methodological manual \u201cFamily Pre-Abortion Counseling\u201d. The initiative argues that the manual goes beyond providing information and contains guidance on how psychologists can persuade women to reconsider their decision to have an abortion.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The issue is particularly significant because Belarusian law recognises women\u2019s right to abortion, while the legal provisions concerning pre-abortion psychological counseling remain unclear. Article 27 of the Law on Healthcare states that a woman seeking an induced abortion has the right to identify family members who may receive pre-abortion psychological counseling. However, the law does not clearly state whether the woman herself can refuse such counseling.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>The difference between information and pressure<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Counseling before a medical procedure can play an important role when it provides accurate information about available options, the procedure, possible risks and alternatives, while supporting the person in making an informed decision.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">According to White Coats' analysis, however, the Belarusian manual goes further. It contains a table of possible arguments a woman may give for seeking an abortion and recommendations on how a psychologist should respond in order to change her position.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">For example, when a woman raises financial difficulties, the manual recommends shifting the discussion towards the value of the child's life and the forms of state support available. When career concerns are raised, the material places emphasis on the value of motherhood compared with professional fulfilment. White Coats argues that such recommendations turn counseling from an informational process into a form of psychological influence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>An unclear legal framework<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The issue is not new. According to REFORM.news, legal scholar Dzyana Berahautsova raised concerns in 2019 about differences in the way pre-abortion counseling was applied across Belarusian regions.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">One example cited in the report concerns a perinatal centre in Barysau, where a doctor and a priest reportedly participated in conversations with women seeking abortions. This raises questions about the principle of a secular state and about a woman's right to decide whether she wants to take part in such counseling.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Psychological pressure can affect reproductive autonomy<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The decision to continue or terminate a pregnancy is personal and may be influenced by medical, economic, family and social circumstances. For this reason, access to accurate information and quality healthcare should be separated from pressure aimed at producing a particular decision.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The issue is also relevant in the context of recent discussions in Belarus about restricting access to abortion in private medical centres. In January 2026, authorities announced a proposal to prohibit abortions in private clinics, citing, among other reasons, differences in the reported effectiveness of pre-abortion counseling.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Against this background, the way counseling is defined and implemented becomes an important part of the wider debate about meaningful access to sexual and reproductive healthcare.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Counseling should support a decision, not replace it<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Pre-abortion counseling can have an important role when it is voluntary, confidential, based on accurate medical information and responsive to the needs of the person seeking care. Its purpose should be to support an informed decision rather than determine what that decision should be.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The debate in Belarus highlights the importance of protecting individual autonomy in reproductive healthcare and ensuring that access to medical services does not become a process of pressure, fear or guilt.<\/p>\r\n<strong data-start=\"9611\" data-end=\"9631\">Original source:<\/strong> <span class=\"contents\" data-content-reference-start=\"9520\" data-content-reference-end=\"9679\"><span class=\"\" data-state=\"delayed-open\" aria-describedby=\"radix-_r_au_\" data-radix-popper-side=\"top\" data-radix-popper-align=\"start\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/reform.news\/en\/pre-abortion-counseling-in-belarus-may-amount-to-psychological-abuse-of-women-white-coats?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-describedby=\"radix-_r_au_\">REFORM.news, original article in English<\/a><\/span><\/span>"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"page-news-details.php","blog_news":[110],"class_list":["post-12791","news","type-news","status-publish","hentry","blog_news-partners_news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Consilierea \u00eenainte de avort \u00een Belarus, criticat\u0103 pentru presiunea psihologic\u0103 asupra femeilor - Centrul de Instruire \u00een Domeniul S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u0163ii Reproductive<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/ru\/news\/predabortnoe-konsultirovanie-v-belarusi-podverglos-kritike-iz-za-psihologicheskogo-davlenija-na-zhenshhin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Consilierea \u00eenainte de avort \u00een Belarus, criticat\u0103 pentru presiunea psihologic\u0103 asupra femeilor - Centrul de Instruire \u00een Domeniul S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u0163ii Reproductive\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The way pre-abortion psychological counseling is conducted in Belarus has come under renewed scrutiny after the medical initiative White Coats reviewed the methodological manual \u201cFamily Pre-Abortion Counseling\u201d. 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\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\r\n<p 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\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\r\n<strong data-start=\"14421\" data-end=\"14447\">\u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a:<\/strong> <span class=\"contents\" data-content-reference-start=\"14336\" data-content-reference-end=\"14507\"><span class=\"\" data-state=\"delayed-open\" aria-describedby=\"radix-_r_be_\" data-radix-popper-side=\"top\" data-radix-popper-align=\"start\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/reform.news\/en\/pre-abortion-counseling-in-belarus-may-amount-to-psychological-abuse-of-women-white-coats?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-describedby=\"radix-_r_be_\">REFORM.news, \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435<\/a><\/span><\/span>","_ru_post_excerpt":"","_ru_post_title":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d","_ru_post_name":"predabortnoe-konsultirovanie-v-belarusi-podverglos-kritike-iz-za-psihologicheskogo-davlenija-na-zhenshhin","_ro_post_content":"<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">\u00cen Belarus, modul \u00een care este organizat\u0103 consilierea psihologic\u0103 \u00eenainte de avort a ajuns din nou \u00een aten\u021bia public\u0103 dup\u0103 ce ini\u021biativa medical\u0103 White Coats a analizat manualul metodologic \u201eFamily Pre-Abortion Counseling\u201d. Organiza\u021bia sus\u021bine c\u0103 materialul nu se limiteaz\u0103 la informarea femeilor, ci ofer\u0103 psihologilor metode prin care acestea pot fi convinse s\u0103 renun\u021be la \u00eentreruperea sarcinii.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Problema este cu at\u00e2t mai important\u0103 cu c\u00e2t legisla\u021bia belarus\u0103 recunoa\u0219te dreptul femeilor de a solicita \u00eentreruperea sarcinii, dar formularea privind consilierea psihologic\u0103 \u00eenainte de avort este neclar\u0103. Potrivit articolului 27 din Legea privind s\u0103n\u0103tatea, femeia care solicit\u0103 \u00eentreruperea artificial\u0103 a sarcinii are dreptul s\u0103 desemneze membri ai familiei care pot beneficia de consiliere psihologic\u0103 \u00eenainte de avort. Legea nu precizeaz\u0103 \u00eens\u0103 \u00een mod clar dac\u0103 femeia \u00eens\u0103\u0219i poate refuza aceast\u0103 consiliere.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>O diferen\u021b\u0103 important\u0103 \u00eentre informare \u0219i presiune<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Consilierea medical\u0103 \u00eenainte de o procedur\u0103 poate avea un rol important atunci c\u00e2nd ofer\u0103 informa\u021bii corecte despre op\u021biuni, procedur\u0103, riscuri \u0219i alternative \u0219i sprijin\u0103 persoana s\u0103 ia o decizie informat\u0103.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Potrivit analizei White Coats, \u00eens\u0103, manualul utilizat \u00een Belarus merge mai departe. Materialul con\u021bine un tabel cu posibile argumente pe care o femeie le poate invoca pentru a solicita un avort \u0219i recomand\u0103ri privind modul \u00een care psihologul ar trebui s\u0103 r\u0103spund\u0103 pentru a-i schimba decizia.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">De exemplu, \u00een cazul dificult\u0103\u021bilor financiare, manualul recomand\u0103 orientarea discu\u021biei c\u0103tre valoarea vie\u021bii copilului \u0219i c\u0103tre formele de sprijin oferite de stat. \u00cen cazul preocup\u0103rilor legate de carier\u0103, materialul pune accent pe valoarea maternit\u0103\u021bii \u00een raport cu realizarea profesional\u0103. White Coats consider\u0103 c\u0103 astfel de recomand\u0103ri transform\u0103 consilierea dintr-un proces de informare \u00eentr-un instrument de influen\u021bare psihologic\u0103.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Un cadru juridic neclar<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Problema nu este una nou\u0103. Potrivit REFORM.news, \u00een 2019, cercet\u0103toarea \u00een drept Dzyana Berahautsova a atras aten\u021bia asupra faptului c\u0103 practica privind consilierea \u00eenainte de avort diferea \u00eentre regiuni ale Belarusului.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">\u00centr-un exemplu citat \u00een material, la un centru perinatal din Barysau, la discu\u021biile cu femeile participau at\u00e2t un medic, c\u00e2t \u0219i un preot. Aceast\u0103 practic\u0103 ridic\u0103 \u00eentreb\u0103ri privind caracterul laic al statului \u0219i privind dreptul femeii de a decide dac\u0103 dore\u0219te sau nu s\u0103 participe la o astfel de consiliere.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Presiunea psihologic\u0103 poate afecta autonomia reproductiv\u0103<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Decizia de a continua sau de a \u00eentrerupe o sarcin\u0103 este una personal\u0103 \u0219i poate fi influen\u021bat\u0103 de factori medicali, economici, familiali \u0219i sociali. Tocmai de aceea, accesul la informa\u021bii corecte \u0219i la servicii medicale de calitate trebuie s\u0103 fie separat de presiunea exercitat\u0103 pentru ob\u021binerea unei anumite decizii.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Problema este relevant\u0103 \u0219i \u00een contextul dezbaterilor recente din Belarus privind limitarea accesului la avort \u00een clinicile private. \u00cen ianuarie 2026, autorit\u0103\u021bile au anun\u021bat o propunere de interzicere a efectu\u0103rii avorturilor \u00een centrele medicale private, justificat\u0103 inclusiv prin diferen\u021bele invocate \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te eficien\u021ba consilierii \u00eenainte de avort.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">\u00cen acest context, modul \u00een care este definit\u0103 \u0219i aplicat\u0103 consilierea devine o parte important\u0103 a discu\u021biei despre accesul real la servicii de s\u0103n\u0103tate reproductiv\u0103.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Informarea trebuie s\u0103 sprijine decizia, nu s\u0103 o \u00eenlocuiasc\u0103<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Consilierea \u00eenainte de avort poate avea un rol important atunci c\u00e2nd este voluntar\u0103, confiden\u021bial\u0103, bazat\u0103 pe informa\u021bii medicale corecte \u0219i orientat\u0103 spre nevoile persoanei. Scopul ei ar trebui s\u0103 fie sprijinirea unei decizii informate, nu determinarea rezultatului deciziei.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Cazul din Belarus arat\u0103 c\u00e2t de important este ca serviciile de s\u0103n\u0103tate reproductiv\u0103 s\u0103 respecte autonomia persoanei \u0219i s\u0103 nu transforme accesul la \u00eengrijiri medicale \u00eentr-un proces de presiune sau culpabilizare.<\/p>\r\n<strong data-start=\"5092\" data-end=\"5112\">Sursa original\u0103:<\/strong> <span class=\"contents\" data-content-reference-start=\"4987\" data-content-reference-end=\"5154\"><span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/reform.news\/en\/pre-abortion-counseling-in-belarus-may-amount-to-psychological-abuse-of-women-white-coats?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">REFORM.news, articolul original \u00een limba englez\u0103<\/a><\/span><\/span>","_ro_post_excerpt":"","_ro_post_title":"Consilierea \u00eenainte de avort \u00een Belarus, criticat\u0103 pentru presiunea psihologic\u0103 asupra femeilor","_ro_post_name":"consilierea-inainte-de-avort-in-belarus-criticata-pentru-presiunea-psihologica-asupra-femeilor","edit_language":"en"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/12791","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/news"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"blog_news","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cidsr.md\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog_news?post=12791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}